THE CONSTRUCTION, NEGOTIATION, AND TRANSFORMATION OF RACIAL IDENTITY IN AMERICAN FOOTBALL: A STUDY OF NATIVE AND AFRICAN AMERICANS. |
| Author: |
Gems, Gerald R.
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| Author Background: |
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| Date |
1/1/98
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| Type |
Journal
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| Journal Title: |
American Indian Culture and Research Journal
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| Volume/Pages |
22(2)p.131-150
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| Subject Matter |
African American
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| Pedagogies |
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| Abstract |
Broadly reviews the participation of Indians and African Americans in college and professional football from the 1880 s to the 1930 s and particularly studies how, beginning in 1890,football at Pennsylvania s Carlisle Indian Industrial School provided student athletes with opportunities for both assimilation and the assertion of ethnic pride. Playing football forgeda common ethnic identity among players from many tribes. Nevertheless, while the success of such Carlisle stars as Jim Thorpe created the impression that sport offered an arena in whichIndians competed equally with whites, in reality both college and professional football consistently discriminated against Indian players, and the press devalued their accomplishments,ascribing their athletic skills to innate savagery.
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