| Particles |
Functions |
Examples |
GA |
1.Subject of intransitive verbs |
basu ga tomarimashita. |
| |
2.Subject
showing the state of the topic |
| zoo wa hana ga nagai desu. |
 |
|
O |
1. Place of the motion |
kooen o arukimasu. |
| |
2. Movement from smaller
to larger physical place |
| uchi o demasu. |
 |
|
NI |
1. Location of non-action
verbs (sumu, tsutomeru, etc.) |
gakkoo ni tsutomete
imasu. |
| |
|
sushi o tabe ni
ikimashoo. |
| |
3. Target time |
7-gatsu ni Nihon e
ikimasu. |
| |
4. Movement from larger to
smaller physical place |
| kuruma ni norimasu. |
 |
|
| |
5. Direction [to] |
hidari ni itte kudasai. |
DE |
1. Location of action* |
gakkoo de hataraite
imasu. |
| |
2. Totalizing |
kukkii wa 2-mai de
100-en desu.  |
| |
3. Limiting the length of time |
1-jikan de kuru koto ga
dekimasuka? |
| |
4. Designation of scope |
Nihon de 1-ban takai yama wa nan
desu ka? |